Informative Speech Outline Essay

I. Presentation A. Allurement †â€Å"A man must look at what as a rich domain he relinquishes when he turns into a conformist.† ~Ralph Waldo Emerson B. Present Topic †To just accomplish something in light of the fact that it’s what every other person is managing without knowing the reasons why they’re doing it, is congruity. You may comprehend the term congruity when utilized as â€Å"sheeple† in the political world. The individuals who go with the growd, on the grounds that. Halloween and Religion appear two common alternate extremes †great and insidiousness enlivened. C. Build up Credibility †In many things I’m a non-conventionalist. I confide in nobody and nothing without addressing and understading everything. I question everything regardless of whether it appears to be basic on a superficial level. Dreadfully regularly I have discovered most things are not what they appear, and Religion and Holidays are no exemption. D. Review Central Idea †The term Holiday was initially used to reference Holy Days that were commended and recalled with some type of function or love. Halloween, initially a day of rememberence for the as of late expired and their spirits that came back to earth just before the new year, has become something celebrated by pretty much everybody, in numerous societies, and across numerous religions, however most notibly in the US where it has become one more popularized occasion, making individuals go through cash they may not in any case spend, to eat food that offer no sustenance by any means, and in overabundance at that, and to conflict with the main security measure your folks penetrated into your heads †NEVER TAKE CANDY FROM STRANGERS!! This has gotten so acceptible in current strict practices that it’s been given another name â€Å"Trick-Or-Trunk†. This is an occasion supported by strict older folks, hung on chapel grounds, outside in the parking garage, out of the trunks of vehicles and as a general rule, the outfits that are worn don't advance strict virtue and goodness, however the abhorrence the religion should shield them from. Progress to primary concerns †In request to completely see how this apparently blameless day of festivity, inventiveness and self expressionâ is an inconsistency, we have to take a gander at a few things. II. Body †synopsis of primary concerns/individual view Progress to starting points When did this occasion start and why? Was it of agnostic beginnings or is there something progressively behind Halloween’s history? In what capacity should Religions see this day all in all? To comprehend these inquiries further, we have to return to the underlying foundations of Halloween. A. Sources 1. Celtic Origins a. Halloween’s sources go back to the old Celtic celebration of Samhain (articulated sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years back in the region that is currently Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, commended their new year on November 1. This day denoted the finish of summer, the reap and the start of the dim, cold winter, a season that was frequently connected with human demise. b. Celts accepted that on the night prior to the new year, the limit between the universes of the living and the dead got obscured. The evening of October 31 they observed Samhain, when it was accepted that the apparitions of the dead came back to earth. c. In a difficult situation and harming crops, Celts believed that the nearness of the supernatural spirits made it simpler for the Druids, or Celtic ministers, to make expectations about what's to come. For a people totally reliant on the unstable normal world, these predictions were a significant wellspring of solace and heading during the long, dull winter. d. To celebrate the occasion, Druids manufactured gigantic sacrosanct campfires, where the individuals assembled to consume yields and creatures as penances to the Celtic gods. During the festival, the Celts wore ensembles, ordinarily comprising of creature heads and skins, and endeavored to tell each other’s fortunes. At the point when the festival was finished, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had doused before that night, from the sacrosanct campfire to help secure them during the coming winter. 2. Halloween and Religion a. By 43 A.D., the Roman Empire had vanquished most of A celtic area. Over the span of the 400 years that they administered the Celtic lands, two celebrations of Roman birthplace were joined with the conventional Celtic festival of Samhain. The first was Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans generally recognized the death of the dead. The second was a day to respect Pomona, the Roman goddess of leafy foods. The image of Pomona is the apple and the fuse of this festival into Samhain likely clarifies the convention of â€Å"bobbing† for apples that is rehearsed today. b. Around AD 600, Pope Boniface IV made All Saints’ Day, and Pope Gregory III later moved this occasion to November 1 of every a push to give a Christian option in contrast to this agnostic celebration.5 (answersingenesis.org) Christians who would not like to praise agnostic celebrations commended something of positive profound valueâ€in this case regarding the holy people and saints. With the staggering extension of Christianity in Europe, All Saint’s Day turned into the predominant holiday.6 (answersingenesis.org) On May 13, 609 A.D., Pope Boniface IV committed the Pantheon in Rome out of appreciation for every single Christian saint, and the Catholic banquet of All Martyrs Day was set up in the Western church. Pope Gregory III (731â€741) later extended the celebration to incorporate all holy people just as all saints, and moved the recognition from May 13 to November 1. By the ninth century the impact of Christianity had spread into Celtic grounds, where it step by step mixed with and superseded the more seasoned Celtic rituals. c. In 1000 A.D., the congregation would make November 2 All Souls’ Day, a day to respect the dead. It is generally accepted today that the congregation was endeavoring to supplant the Celtic celebration of the dead with a related, however church-endorsed occasion. All Souls Day was praised correspondingly to Samhain, with huge campfires, marches, and sprucing up in ensembles as holy people, holy messengers and fallen angels. The All Saints Day festivity was additionally called All-honors or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints’ Day) and the prior night it, the customary night of Samhain in the Celtic religion, started to be called All-blesses Eve and, in the end, Halloween. Two or three hundred years after the fact, the Roman Church made November 2 All Souls Day to respect the dead. This may well have been affected by the proceeded with perseverance of the day of the dead by the antiquated Irish, Scots, and others in Europe. Remaining against this, numerous Protestant Christians observe October 31 as Reformation Day to pay tribute to reformers, for example, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other people who initiated the Reformation during the 1500s. (answersingenesis.org) In fact,â the current name of â€Å"Halloween† begins from the day preceding All Saint’s Day, which was called â€Å"All Hallow Evening†; this name was abbreviated to â€Å"All Hallow’s Eve† or â€Å"All Hallow’s Even.† The name changed after some time and became â€Å"Hallowe’en.† (answersingenesis.org) d. It ought to be clear from a Christian point of view that numerous cutting edge practices of Halloween and days of the dead have fiendish goal (e.g., 1 Corinthians 10:20). There has been extensive agnosticism that has been related with Halloween throughout the years. Indeed, even shrewdness acts, for example, vandalism, fires, dangerous tricks, imagining individuals are something they are not by sprucing up (and especially by the glorification of sexiness, passing, and evil presences) are in solid restriction to the product of the Spirit (Galatians 5:19â€23). Along these lines, an expression of alert must be given to Evangelicals who advance a portion of the sketchy present day practices of Halloween. On the off chance that anything, an option contrary to Halloween ought to be offered by Christians. Song 24:1 brings up that everything has a place with the Lord. In this manner, there is no motivation to let Satan have Halloween. It isn't his day in any case! (answersingenesis.org) 3. Stunt or Treating a. The American Halloween custom of â€Å"trick-or-treating† presumably goes back to the early All Souls’ Day marches in England. During the merriments, poor residents would ask for food and families would give them cakes called â€Å"soul cakes† as a byproduct of their guarantee to appeal to God for the family’s dead family members. b. The dispersion of soul cakes was energized by the congregation as an approach to supplant the old act of leaving food and wine for meandering spirits. The training, which was alluded to as â€Å"going a-souling† was in the long run taken up by kids who might visit the houses in their neighborhood and be given beer, food, and cash. c. The custom of dressing in outfit for Halloween has both European and Celtic roots. On Halloween, when it was accepted that phantoms returned to the natural world, individuals imagined that they would experience apparitions in the event that they left their homes. To abstain from being perceived by these phantoms, individuals would wear veils when they left their homes after dim with the goal that the apparitions would confuse them with individual spirits. On Halloween, to get apparitions far from their homes, individuals would put bowls of food outside their homes to assuage the phantoms and keep them from endeavoring to enter. Progress to lost customs B. Lost customs/convictions †Many of these old ceremonies concentrated on the future rather than the past and the living rather than the dead. Specifically, many had to do with helping young ladies distinguish their future spouses and consoling them that they would somedayâ€with karma, by next Halloweenâ€be wedded. 1. In eighteenth century Ireland, a matchmaking cook may cover a ring in her pureed potatoes on Halloween night, wanting to carry genuine romance to t

The Gamble House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Gamble House - Essay Example Bet House disposition and balances will in general be not quite the same as different roomy contemporary structures that were done during the 1900s. It has an easygoing state of mind that coordinates its limited evenness. A generally excellent case of the limitation of evenness in the magnum opus is the balanced association of structures and spaces in relations to each other. In the three stories, the roof statures are extraordinary. The principal floor roof was the most reduced while the nook roof was the most noteworthy. All through the structure, the scales and the structures move continually as one move from the inside towards the front and back zones. The consideration of the Gamble family upper room in the third floor helped in making it a pool room. A family peak, trailing rose and a crane were imaginatively incorporated into numerous areas. Bet House open air likewise represents the verifiable structure plans utilized in America during the 1990s. Outside the second-floor rooms are outside yards that could be utilized for amusement or for dozing. The fundamental porch of the structure was deliberately planned and worked to be secretly past the rear of the home. Clinker stones garden dividers were additionally included to finish the back veneer. The ways in the compound were produced using stones shaping a running stream over the gardens. The scene and the nursery components were incorporated into the necessary extents and subtleties. The Asian and Japanese effect on the structure can likewise be found in the leaded glasses and the pine theme on the front entryway.

Case Study for Final Exam Essay

Green Cabs is a naturally agreeable taxi organization in New Zealand which was established in late 2007 by Callum Brown and three different accomplices. Green Cabs currently works a multi-million dollar business in three principle habitats of New Zealand †Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. The organization is additionally pondering venturing into different zones with its unmistakable brilliant green taxicabs. Callum Brown is the essential motivation behind Green Cabs. In any case, you could contend that Al Gore gave the underlying sparkle to Callum to begin considering being all the more earth cognizant by and by. Callum is in his 30s and has gone through 10 years working in data innovation for different government divisions and private area organizations as a business examiner. He grew up near nature and delighted in exercises, for example, surfing and tramping. Every one of these things kept Callum near nature. In spite of his relationship with nature, Callum was very wary of environmental change. He clarifies: I thought †how might you tell that there is an unnatural weather change when we’ve just been taking accounts on temperature for the past whatever, how long. Henceforth, it could be viewed as genuinely amazing that Callum established a green business! This individual arousing was an immediate aftereffect of watching Al Gore’s narrative, An Inconvenient Truth. Much to his dismay at this phase a significant business opportunity would originate from his new ecological cognizance. The driving force for the business thought came when Callum was grinding away. He voyaged broadly for work and therefore ended up getting a ton of taxicabs. It was on one such short-term outing to Auckland that he got mindful of the colossal measure of carbon outflows he was creating through movement. He expounds: I stayed there observing all the taxicabs come and drop individuals off and considered the discharges and all that they were creating; there’s got the opportunity to be a superior route than this. Why would that be no eco-accommodating choice and that was the light second, and saying, ah, why not? Following this light second, Callum reached a previous partner who wasâ also a cabbie. Together the pair set about setting up a naturally cognizant taxi administration with two different accomplices. They struck the New Zealand taxi industry at what they called a fortunate time. The legislature had quite recently fixed enactment to make it reliable for all administrators. The Land and Transport Authority was steady and supportive in ensuring everything the developing Green Cabs did was in accordance with the new enactment. The Authority excessively was energized by what Green Cabs was wanting to accomplish. Once began, Green Cabs experienced quick development and inside a half year had around 85 taxis and independently employed drivers and utilized 15 care staff (generally in its 24-hour call focus). Callum never had yearnings to turn into a business visionary, nor any involvement with business possession, yet his broad work foundation as a business examiner caused him to feel he was well prepared to research whether the Green Cabs thought would be effective. Indeed, before concocting the business thought Callum felt terrified of the hazard associated with having his own business. Nonetheless, when he had the thought, these dangers evaporated: I was so energetic about Green Cabs, when I had the thought, there were no distinguishable dangers for me. That was the manner by which solid the drive was to do it . . . It’s like I’ve never questioned for a second that Green Cabs would succeed. It has. Any worries Callum had about hazard were scattered when he took on various colleagues to share the hazard. These colleagues all comprehended and were thoughtful to the intensifying condition of nature and to Callum’s vision for the organization. Callum’s vision brought about an organization which entered the taxi business with the objective of accomplishing substantially more than a customary taxi firm. Green Cabs needed to constrain change, to save nature and advise people in general about environmental change. This implied an entirely different perspective about business and the standards of the business authors were entwined with the plan of action. Green Cabs offers a similar essential assistance as some other taxi organization. The key contrast is that it is an ecologically cognizant organization. The primary methods for the organization being ecologically neighborly is that its vehicles are half and halves (Toyota Prius). There are generously less progressing running expenses in offering the assistance. Green Cabs passes these investment funds onto customers and is in this way ready to offer impressively bring down costs than its rivals. It as of now is constraining change in the taxi business with numerous cont enders quickly changing to hybridsâ because they can see they will save money on outflows and fuel costs. The contrast between these contenders and Green Cabs is that those changing because of lower running expenses don't really have natural worries at the front line of their dynamic as greens Cabs. To be sure, cynics could contend that the opposition is exchanging in light of the fact that it is losing piece of the overall industry to Green Cabs and is endeavoring to copy the administration. Accordingly, Green Cabs has been fruitful in changing conduct in the business to being all the more naturally inviting, however this has included some significant pitfalls to the business, as Callum clarifies: I have had such an effect available that I had arranged, that they (contenders) are currently exchanging. Presently, from an ecological perspective, it’s phenomenal that I could have that sway, however from a business perspective it’s not great. Notwithstanding, contenders are as yet neglecting to counterbalance their carbon outflows while Green Cabs highly esteems being carbon unbiased. To accomplish this Green Cabs drives just the Toyota Prius, the vehicle it considers to be the best choice for diminishing the effect on the earth. The rest of its carbon emanations are ‘paid for’ by giving subsidizing to trees to be planted (overwhelmingly in the creating scene). Green Cabs gives to ‘Trees for the Future’, an association that has just composed the planting of 50 million trees, which recover around a million tons of carbon from the air every year (www.greencabs.co.nz). Green Cabs additionally ‘pays off’ its carbon obligation preceding its gathering. That is, it computes its future carbon impression (down to the quantity of squares of bathroom tissue utilized) for the following year and assets the planting of adequate trees to balance this before it produces the carbon. In spite of the fact that this is one of the key natural systems Green Cabs does, it really is doubtful of purchasing carbon credits. This is on the grounds that this carbon procedure basically dispatches the issue to another person; it doesn't help decrease the carbon in the air. In that capacity, Green Cabs plans to both lessen carbon and counterbalance before it amasses. The plan of action of Green Cabs depends on the reason that the client has a more noteworthy association with the item or administration. By utilizing Green Cabs clients will feel some portion of a more noteworthy promise to the earth and they will pick Green Cabs item over the contenders. As Callum notes, theâ business model is win-win for the two buyers and nature: It is less expensive, it’s eco-accommodating, it’s calmer, you’ve got a charming driver, we do a ton of feel great stuff also. Give me a motivation behind why you wouldn’t take a Green Cab. Green Cabs target showcase is the corporate part and government divisions. Nonetheless, they pay tribute to the ‘grassroots’ bolster they have gotten. This is from individuals who have seen what Green Cabs are doing and regardless of whether their organization has no concurrence with Green Cabs, when they take a taxi they need it to be a Green Cab. Callum has additionally noticed that more youthful individuals are all the more naturally mindful and value the decision they are being offered in Green Cabs. One future advancement is for Green Cabs to introduce rooftop signs on their vehicles to advance the earth. These won't publicize finishes paperwork for organizations yet to state something people can accomplish for the earth. Green Cabs mean to utilize publicizing space on their vehicles to advance the earth, not bubbly beverages or something like that! Discovering BALANCE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND PROFIT ‘For me at any rate, it’s not just about turning a profit.’ †Callum Brown Finding a harmony among benefit and the earth can be a troublesome one. To be effective in Callum’s see, you need to comprehend and have confidence that getting things done and adhering near the arrangement of qualities that the organization began with is what will bring achievement. An excess of bargain for business then you will bargain the general accomplishment of the business. The business may in any case be productive however won't enamor people in general into changing their conduct with respect to the earth. These natural qualities are held firm by Green Cabs and are a fundamental piece of their particular plan of action. Callum expounds: If we bargain on those qualities then that put us in danger of simply resembling some other taxi organization out there and doesn’t set us apart. Finishing on their responsibility to the earth simple for Green Cabs and they propose that other should take a gander at the earth diversely in their organizations. For instance, Callum is baffled by talk about the amount it expenses to balance carbon outflows. He proposes individuals neglect to see that the entire procedure is a cost sparing activity. In getting practical, organizations take a gander at methods for reducingâ electricity, travel, etc. These zones can lessen a company’s carbon impression while likewise diminishing their general expenses. Their pledge to the earth is one side of the condition in Green Cab’s plan of action. The business must be practical and there are financial specialists, franchisees and workers who anticipate comes back from t

What You Do Not Know About Grade 3-4 Persuasive Writing Essay Samples Might Shock You

What You Do Not Know About Grade 3-4 Persuasive Writing Essay Samples Might Shock You Many analysts argue this produces a troubling situation on work industry. 'A minimal salary has a negative effect on employees. If you need assistance, contact us or place a purchase and our professionals will write a good example of persuasive essay you will totally like. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! There are many persuasive essay examples college students are able to make use of online. Students also employed the debate section of the on-line problems. They should not have to wear school uniforms because they limit students' ability to express their individuality. While trying to understand how to write a persuasive essay step by step, they forget about another critical activity. Before they start to write, it's a good idea for them to make a list of the points they want to make to their readers. Other activities cause the worldwide warming. Another negative effect on employees is that low wages can induce stress. By paying people more, businesses can make more cash, since they won't pay as much on turnover prices. Another problem is the effect of fossil fuels on our environment. Your summary is the last push to convince the reader that you're right. A simile is a means to compare two distinct things utilizing the connecting words like or as to be able to make an intriguing connection in the readers mind. There are lots of free examples of appropriate form atting. The introductory paragraph is perhaps the most significant paragraph in the essay as it is the initial and possibly last opportunity to produce an effect on the reader. In some cases, your teacher might call for extra details such as the class title, instructor name and the date. In your introduction paragraph, it is sufficient to introduce the topic and supply meaningful background details. Before writing down the facts and examples that you're likely to tackle, you ought to be well informed, first of all, about your topic. Simile is a sort of figurative language that may be put to use as a literary technique. Evidence in writing works precisely the same way. Observe that the objective of a persuasive speech is like the purpose for writing an argumentative or persuasive essaythe organizational structure and variety of info in a persuasive speech would be. Produces expository text utilizing appropriate form and fashion in response to prompt. It is possible to also secure se veral discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Be attentive when selecting the business you can trust. Understanding how to compose an effective persuasive letter is a potent tool. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. Now you have a great beginning to your essay, you will need to compose a few paragraphs to strengthen your stance. Any sentence that's not furthering my thesis is distracting from it and should be taken off. Just take the `how' of your thesis statement and use it in order to construct your paragraphs. There are some straightforward guidelines to follow as a way to be in a position to compose an excellent persuasive essay. The main element which produces a persuasive essay in English stand out from the remainder of assignments is the use of reasoning. Keep in mind, any source employed in your essay has to be included in your reference section. While there isn't any one correct method to compose these essays, this page will show you some excellent practices to think about when learning how to compose a persuasive essay. Children need to be able to use cellphones in school. Students shouldn't have to wear uniforms. Parents have a part to play in their kids' life and regarding these, there are lessons that they need to teach their kids. My parents taught me the best way to survive on my own at a young age. The Pain of Grade 3-4 Persuasive Writing Essay Samples You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you wind up getting a great grade. The perfect place to do so is immediately after the attention catcher. All of the principal points ought to be concisely mentioned in the preview. Having found the side that you're standing for, you will need to ensure you fully grasp the standpoint of the opposite side. Although having the ability to write persuasively can look like a challenging thing for children to learn, remind them that everyone has valid opinions. Persuasion is utilized in our lives each and every day.

What Is a Compound-Assignment Operator

Compound-assignment operators provide a shorter syntax for assigning the result of an arithmetic or bitwise operator. They perform the operation on the two operands before assigning the result to the first operand. Compound-Assignment Operators in Java Java supports 11 compound-assignment operators:   Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the addition. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the subtraction. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the multiplication /  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the division. %  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the remainder of the division.   Ã‚  assigns the result of the logical AND. |  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the logical OR. ^  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the logical XOR.   Ã‚  assigns the result of the signed left bit shift.   Ã‚  assigns the result of the signed right bit shift.   assigns the result of the unsigned right bit shift. Example Usage To assign the result of an addition operation to a variable using the standard syntax: //add 2 to the value of number number number 2; But use a compound-assignment operator to effect the same outcome with the simpler syntax: //add 2 to the value of number number 2;

The Many Faces of Freedom Essay - 1194 Words

The Many Face of Freedom? Freedom is a concept that people are often willing to die for and it is the cause of much fighting. However, few people ever claim to dislike freedom. This raises an interesting question: how can people fight over what is generally considered to be a positive idea? Does this mean that someone must be against freedom? The answer is that people cannot agree on what freedom is, thus numerous groups can claim to be for freedom while strongly disagreeing on the means by which to achieve it. These groups often argue vehemently and passionately, trying to convince the majority that their side is right. However, emotion is only one part of deciding who is more persuasive. I offer two examples of disagreements†¦show more content†¦In other words, they saw their campus, and in turn America as a whole, moving towards the exact type of tyrannical government that they were most opposed to. They saw these actions as representative of a totalitarian or fascist government. To them, freedom meant smaller government and more control by the people, a more democratic democracy. Starting with the society on their campus, the students saw their ideal democracy being taken away and more of their rights being infringed upon. This led to a disagreement between students and authority figures over freedom. The administration saw freedom as the absence of Communism, and saw the students views as dangerously close to Communist. Since this was occurring during both the Cold War and the Vietnam War, Communism was a tangible threat to American security. Freedom of speech played a key part in this argument, since the students believed in absolute freedom of speech, which the authorities often saw as dangerous. They too believed in the First Amendment right of the Constitution, but at the same time they felt that certain speech should be limited. Such as speeches made by Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists. As Reagan put it, the students were going from free speech to filthy speech(Freedom vs. Anarchy On Campus, 346). As a result, the two groups accused each other of threatening the majoritys freedom, while both claimed to represent the majority. The conflict became anShow MoreRelated The Crisis of the American Teen Essay656 Words   |  3 Pagesform from child to adult, but that must come from the parents. Many parents either feel powerless to give a child what they need in life because the child can get it else where: they may do whatever it is that they want behind a parent’s back. They could also be insecure about themselves and that they did not receive the guidance themselves when they needed in growing up. Teenagers need protection against the dangers that they may face so that they can be prepared for the future. Teenagers nowRead MoreFree Essays : Free Soul Free Women1237 Words   |  5 Pageshuman being with an independent will†. 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U.S. Army 8 Person Funeral Detail free essay sample

The OIC is located where the hearse will stop. RECEIVING THE CASKET C-14. As the hearse approaches, the NCOIC orders the detail to ATTENTION and Present, ARMS. Once the hearse has passed the detail, the NCOIC calls the detail to Order, ARMS and Parade, REST. The OIC comes to attention and present arms as the hearse approaches his position. The OIC terminates his salute when the hearse comes to a halt. C-15. After the vehicle has come to a halt, the driver gets out and opens the rear door. The driver prepares the casket for movement to the gravesite by removing the stock. The driver pulls the casket to the rear of the hearse. The OIC, with a nod of his head, signals the NCOIC to move the pallbearers to the end of the hearse, three on each side, to remove the casket. The NCOIC marches the pallbearers into place, then orders Mark time, MARCH; Detail, HALT and Center, FACE. After the pallbearers are facing inward, the individuals closest to the casket will grasp the handrails and pull the casket from the hearse. Each pallbearer, in turn, grasps a casket handle as it reaches him. The OIC will render a hand salute while the casket is being removed. Moving the Casket C-16. On the NCOICs command of Ready, FACE, the pallbearers will execute the appropriate facing movements so that they are all facing the feet of the casket. The NCOIC orders the detail to Forward, MARCH. Led by the OIC, the pallbearers incline to the proper direction to move to the gravesite, ensuring the casket is level and feet first. Once the casket is over the gravesite, the NCOIC commands Mark Time, MARCH, and Detail, HALT. Once at the head of the gravesite, the OIC will come to render a hand salute until the casket is placed on the lowering device. To maintain uniformity the pallbearer NCOIC will command Center, FACE. When pallbearers are facing center, the casket is set on the lowering device. After the casket is set down, the pallbearers come to attention and the OIC will drop his hand salute. MOVING TO THE WEAPONS C-17. On the command Ready, FACE, by the pallbearer NCOIC, the pallbearers all face toward the head of the casket. The next command is Forward, MARCH. The pallbearer s move from the gravesite to the location of the weapons. Just prior to reaching the stacked arms, the firing party NCOIC, and formerly the pallbearer NCOIC, gives Mark Time, MARCH and Detail, HALT. The firing party NCOIC assumes their position and gives a File from the Left, Forward, MARCH. On the command March the firing party performs the proper movements to form a single file to the rear of the weapons. When the firing party are to the rear of the stacked arms, the NCOIC gives Mark Time, MARCH and Detail HALT, and the appropriate facing movement to face the rifles. Retrieving the Weapons and Conclusion of Religious Services C-18. The next command given is Take, ARMS. On the command of execution, the stack man secures the first two weapons. The left and right soldiers receive the weapons from the stack man. The left and right soldiers then pass the weapons to the outside soldiers. The stack man grasps his center weapon. The left and right soldiers step toward the stack and remove their weapons, returning to the position of Attention. Once the left and right soldiers retrieve their weapons, the stack man secures his weapon and comes to the position of Attention. Once all of the firing party is at Order Arms, the firing party NCOIC gives them Parade, REST. The firing party will remain at Parade Rest until the end of the religious services. Once the religious services are over, the Chaplain steps away from the casket. The OIC steps to the head of the casket and renders a hand salute. This is the signal for the firing party NCOIC to command the firing party ATTENTION. Firing of Honors C-19. After bringing the firing party to Attention, the NCOIC gives the command of Ready. At the command of Ready, each rifleman executes Port Arms, faces Half Right, and moves his right foot to the right ten inches. Each rifleman then chambers a round, places his weapon on Fire, and resumes Port Arms. When the firing party has completed the movements, the firing party NCOIC gives the command Aim. On the command of Aim, the detail shoulders their weapons with the muzzles of the weapons at a 45-degree angle from the horizontal. When the NCOIC commands FIRE, the detail fires and returns to Port Arms. On the subsequent commands of Ready, each rifleman pulls and returns the charging handle of his weapon. After the third round is fired each rifleman resumes Port Arms, and the firing party NCOIC commands CEASE FIRE. Each rifleman places his weapon on Safe, resumes the position of Order Arms, and faces Half Left. The firing party NCOIC then commands Present, ARMS for the playing of Taps. The bugler plays Taps. If a bugler is not available, one soldier is positioned to turn on the high quality recording (and is not part of the firing party). STACKING ARMS C-20. After Taps, the NCOIC brings the firing party to Order, ARMS, and then commands Stack, ARMS. On the command of execution, Arms, the stack man grasps the barrel of his rifle and places his rifle directly in front of him. At the same time, the left and right soldiers grasp the barrels of their respective rifles, step toward the center and insert the muzzles through the sling loop of the stack mans weapon. Both soldiers swing the butts of their rifles out and then down to the ground ensuring the stack is steady. The two outside weapons are then passed to the stack man, who adds them to the stack. RETURNING TO GRAVESITE OR SHELTER C-21. After Stack Arms is complete, the NCOIC moves the firing party two steps backward and gives the appropriate facing movement to have the firing party move back to the gravesite. From this position, the NCOIC will form the firing party in two columns by giving the command Column of Two to the Right, MARCH. Once in Column of Two formation, the NCOIC takes the last position, and gives Forward, MARCH. The firing party marches to the gravesite along either side of the casket. Once at the gravesite the NCOIC gives Mark Time, MARCH, and Detail, HALT. The NCOIC gives Center, FACE, to ensure that all of the pallbearers are facing the casket. FOLDING THE FLAG C-22. After the pallbearers have faced the casket, they use their peripheral vision to take their cues fr om the NCOIC. As a unit, the pallbearers reach down and secure the flag. Once flag is secured, the detail folds flag. The flag is first folded with the lower stripe area over the blue field. It is then folded so that the folded edge meets the open edge. The triangular fold is started at the striped end and is continued until only the blue field remains. The flag margin is then tucked in and the flag is ready for presentation. PRESENTING THE FLAG. C-23. After the flag has been folded, it is passed down to the soldier closest to the right side of the OIC. This soldier executes a Half Left as the OIC executes a Half Right and the flag is then passed to the OIC at, chest level. After the pallbearer has passed the flag, he salutes the flag for three seconds then executes Order Arms. The soldier executes a Half Right as the OIC executes a Half Left and resumes their original position. At this time the pallbearers will leave the gravesite. The NCOIC commands Outward, FACE, (pallbearers face towards the head of the casket) and Forward, MARCH. Once the detail is out of the area, the OIC will present the flag to the next of kin or Chaplain, it next of kin is not available. The OIC recites the following passage: |Maam (sir), this flag is presented on behalf of a grateful nation and the United States Army as a token of appreciation for your loved ones | |honorable and faithful service. | C-24. At the conclusion of the remarks and presentation, the OIC will render a hand salute and hold the salute for three seconds then assumes Order, Arms. OIC then executes marching movement and marches back towards the direction of the pallbearers. CONCLUDING THE CEREMONY C-25. The firing party returns to the location of the stacked arms in the same manner as before. When commanded to Take, ARMS, the party retrieves the rifles in the same manner as before. After retrieving the weapons, the NCOIC marches the detail away from the funeral site to clear and inspect the weapons. The firing party will police all of the brass after the service is over and the next of kin have left the area. The OIC is not required to escort the next of kin back to his/her vehicle. 2 SOLDIER FUNERAL DETAIL RECEIVING THE CASKET C-26. The OIC is located where the hearse will stop. The NCO is to the left of the OIC. As the hearse approaches, the OIC brings himself and the NCO to ATTENTION and Present, ARMS. The OIC gives the command of Order, ARMS, after the hearse has come to a halt. The funeral director is responsible for removing the casket from the hearse and placing it on the lowering device at the gravesite. When the casket is being removed from the hearse, the OIC commands Present, ARMS. Once the casket has cleared the peripheral vision of the OIC, then the OIC commands Order, ARMS, and Parade, REST. CONCLUSION OF RELIGIOUS SERVICES C-27. Once the religious services are over, the Chaplain steps away from the casket. The OIC commands ATTENTION. The OIC commands Ready, FACE, and the OIC and NCO face in the direction of the casket. OIC then commands Forward, MARCH, The OIC marches to the head of the casket, and faces the head of the casket, while the NCO marches to the foot of the casket facing the OIC. If a bugler is not available, the NCO moves to the device that will play the high quality recording of Taps. FOLDING THE FLAG C-28. The OIC gives the command to the NCO to secure flag. Once the flag is secure the bugler will play Taps and both the OIC and NCO execute Present, Arms. When Taps is complete, both the OIC and NCO execute Order, Arms. The OIC gives the command to side step march (just far enough to preclude the flag from touching the casket). Once the OIC and NCO have cleared the casket the OIC nods to begin folding the flag. NOTE: If a bugler is not available, once the casket is on the lowering device, the NCOIC will march to the recording device and wait for the Chaplain to conclude religious services. He will play Taps after the OIC is positioned at the head of the casket. When Taps is complete, the NCOIC will march to the foot of the casket and then assist in folding the flag. C-29. The flag is first folded with the lower stripe area over the blue field. It is then folded so that the folded edge meets the open edge. The triangular fold is started at the striped end and is continued until only the blue field remains. While folding the flag the NCO moves towards the OIC. The flag margin is then tucked in by the OIC and the NCO presents the flag to the OIC. Once the NCO presents the flag to the OIC, the NCO renders the hand salute and holds the salute for three seconds then executes Order, Arms. The OIC is ready for presenting the flag to the next of kin. PRESENTING THE FLAG C-30. After the flag has been folded and passed to the OIC, the OIC then moves in the direction of the next of kin and presents the flag to the next of kin while the NCO marches away from the gravesite. The OIC will present the flag to the Chaplain if the next of kin is not available. The OIC recites the following passage: |Maam (sir), this flag is presented on behalf of a grateful nation and the United States Army as a token of appreciation for your loved ones | |honorable and faithful service. | C-31. At the conclusion of the passage and the flag presentation, the OIC will render a hand salute and hold the salute for three seconds then assumes Order, Arms. OIC then executes a marching movement and marches away from the gravesite. CONCLUDING THE CEREMONY C-32. The OIC is not required to escort the next of kin back to his/her vehicle. NOTES C-33. The meaning of the word gravesite also includes a committal shelter. The meaning of the word casket also includes a receptacle containing the cremated remains of the deceased. On windy days, the flag should already be anchored to the casket by the funeral director. If the flag is not secured, the detail will fold the flag immediately after placing the casket on the lowering device, then hand the flag to the OIC. d

Development and Validation of Performance Prediction Models and Specifications for Asphalt Binders and Paving Mixes Essay Example

Development and Validation of Performance Prediction Models and Specifications for Asphalt Binders and Paving Mixes Essay Development and Validation of Performance Prediction Models and Specifications for Asphalt Binders and Paving Mixes Dr. Robert L. Lytton Dr. Jacob Uzan Dr. Emmanuel G. Femando Texas Transportation Institute Texas AM University College Station, Texas Dr. Reynaldo Roque Dr. Dennis Hiltunen Dr. Shelley M. Stoffels Pennsylvania Transportation Institute Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania .r_rrD Strategic Highway Research Program National Research Council Washington, DC 1993 SHRP-A-357 ISBN 0-309-05617-9 Contract A-005 Product No. 012 Program Manager: Edward Harrigan Project Manager: Harold Von Quintus Production Editor: Cara J. Tate Program Area Secretary: Juliet Narsiah October 1993 key words: calibration crack initiation crack propagation creep compliance elastic fatigue cracking fracture mechanics fracture toughness laboratory testing of asphalt concrete material properties mechanics microcracks pattern search method pavement performance prediction plastic resi lient dilatancy resilient properties rutting system identification method thermal cracking validation vermeer plastic properties viscoelastic viscoplasticStrategic Highway Research Program National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue N. W. Washington, DC 20418 (202) 334-3774 The publication of this report does not necessarily indicate approval or endorsement of the findings, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations either inferred or specifically expressed herein by the National Academy of Sciences, the United States Government, or the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials or its member states.  © 1993 National Academy of Sciences 1. 5M/NAP/1093 Acknowledgments The research described herein was supported by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP).SHRP is a unit of the National Research Council that was authorized by section 128 of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987. In a project as extensive and dem anding as the SHRP A-005 project, the utmost efforts were called for and received from the project staff. Of particular note are the contributions of W. W. Crockford, Ming-Lou Liu, T. Freeman, C. K. Estakhri, Fuming Wang, C. H. Michalak, J. N. Galey, N. Stubbs, O. J. Pendleton, M. Chau, C. E. Schlieker, S. Phillips, and S. Cain with the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) team.TTI secretarial services were provided by B. Cullen, C. Bryan, G. Fattorini, and S. Pierce. Noteworthy contributors from the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute team were S. Arnold, M. G. Sharma, W. Butlar, T. Farwana, N. Kim, K. Knechtel, W. Lauritzen, S. Reddy, P. Romero, N. Tabatabaee, and V. Tandon. SHRP technical staff who provided valuable assistance were H. Von Quintus and R. Leahy. ..  ° 111 Abstract The objectives of SHRPs asphalt research were: to extend the life or reduce the life cycle costs of asphalt pavements; to reduce maintenance costs; and to minimize the number of premature failures.An important result of this research effort is the development of performance-based specifications for asphalt binders and mixtures to control three distress modes: rutting, fatigue cracking and thermal cracking. The SHRP A-005 project developed detailed pavement performance models to support these binder and mixture specifications and performance-based mixture designs. This report documents the findings of this extensive research effort and provides supporting data for the performance-based specifications and mixture design procedure called SUPERPAVE TM.SHRP Contracts A-002A (Binder Characterization and Evaluation) and A-003A (Performance-Related Testing and Measuring of Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions and Mixtures) accomplished three goals: 1) to identify relationships between asphalt binder properties and field performance; 2) to develop models for the estimation of pavement distress based the physicochemical properties of the asphalt binder; and 3) to produce test methods to measure these pavement performance factors. The final validation of these relationships, test methods and findings is the focus of long-term, controlled field experiments (Specific Pavement Studies[SPS]-9).This validation approach requires 10 or more years of investigation and observations, which is inconsistent with SHRPs objective to rapidly develop performance-based specifications. The validation process was accelerated by the SHRP A-005 contract, which developed and used a sophisticated, mechanistic-based pavement performance model to define the relationships between asphalt binder and mixture properties and pavement distress. The objectives of the SHRP A-005 Contract are as follows: 1. stablish, on the basis of documented field performance data, criteria that may be used in support of the asphalt binder specification and for the design of asphaltaggregate mixture systems develop performance prediction models for asphalt binder and for asphaltaggregate mixture systems 2. V A comprehens ive pavement of fatigue cracking, thermal time, using results from the environmental data and can (combination of binder and performance model was developed that predicts the amount cracking and rutting in asphalt concrete pavements with accelerated laboratory tests.The model uses detailed be used to determine the optimal mixture design aggregates) for specific conditions. The pavement performance models for each distress were also used to confirm the relevant binder and mixture properties established by other SHRP contractors using accelerated laboratory tests and laboratory torture tests; and to establish the degree of correlation between those asphalt binder and mixture properties. Results from these model studies were used to confirm or make recommendations for revisions to the asphalt binder specification.In general, these analytical studies confirmed the material properties and specific limits used in the performance based specification. The model is simple, runs on a microcom puter, and can be used to evaluate or design asphalt concrete mixtures. The model can minimize a specific distress or combinations of different distresses, or it can set specification limits for specific materials and environments. The model has three parts: 1) a mixture evaluation model, 2) a pavement response model, and 3) a pavement distress model. The mixture evaluation program calculates the relevant binder and mix properties from the accelerated laboratory tests.These properties are used with the pavement response program to evaluate the behavior of a mixture subjected to traffic and/or environmental loads. This mixture evaluation program calculates the non-linear elastic, viscoelastic, plastic and fracture properties of a mixture. The pavement response program calculates the stresses and strains in an asphalt-aggregate system from applied wheel loads and temperature changes. The pavement distress program uses the relevant mixture properties and the appropriate stresses and st rains to calculate the amount of cracking (from wheel loads and environmental loads) and rutting with time. i Executive Summary The objectives of SHRPs asphalt research were: to extend the life or reduce the life cycle costs of asphalt pavements; to reduce maintenance costs; and to minimize the number of premature failures. An important result of this research effort is the development of performance-based specifications for asphalt binders and mixtures to control three distress modes: rutting, fatigue cracking and thermal cracking. The SHRP A-005 project developed detailed pavement performance models to support these binder and mixture specifications and performance-based mixture designs.This report documents the findings of this extensive research effort and provides supporting data for the performance-based specifications and mixture design procedure called SUPERPAVE TM. The objectives of the SHRP A-005 Contract are as follows: 1. establish, on the basis of documented field perfo rmance data, criteria that may be used in support of the asphalt binder specification and for the design of asphaltaggregate mixture systems develop performance prediction aggregate mixture systems models for asphalt binder and for asphalt- 2.The successful development of performance-based specifications required the validation of those properties identified as important determinants of pavement performance. This validation effort is a three-stage process. The first two stages were completed under SHRP. The third or final stage will be directed by the FHWA through the SPS-9 projects of the ongoing Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program. The first stage of the validation effort was accomplished through the use of accelerated laboratory tests by the SHRP A-003A contract.The second stage was accomplished by the SHRP A-005 contract through the use of field performance data. This second stage established the degree of correlation between the field observations of distress and: 1. 2. those asphalt binder properties shown to significantly affect the performancerelated characteristics of asphalt-aggregate mixtures performance-related material properties of asphalt-aggregate mixtures Furthermore, the second stage validation effort provided the experimental results needed to set the specification limits for the relevant binder and mixture properties selected to vii ontrol pavement distress. These experimental results were also used to estimate the accuracy of the accelerated laboratory test methods employed to measure the relevant properties. This second stage validation effort relied heavily on the sampling and testing of asphalt-aggregate mixtures from the LTPP General Pavement Study (GPS) sections. A comprehensive pavement of fatigue cracking, thermal time, using results from the environmental data and can (combination of binder and performance model was developed that predicts the amount cracking and rutting in asphalt concrete pavements with accelerated labo ratory tests.The model uses detailed be used to determine the optimal mixture design aggregates) for specific conditions. The pavement performance models for each distress were also used to confirm the relevant binder and mixture properties established by other SHRP contractors using accelerated laboratory tests and laboratory torture tests; and to establish the degree of correlation between those asphalt binder and mixture properties. Results from these model studies were used to confirm or make recommendations for revisions to the asphalt binder specification.In general, these analytical studies confirmed the material properties and specific limitsused in the performance based specification. A brief list of the products from this research follows. Systems Identification Model The performance models are used to predict distresses or observations, such as cracking and rutting. The SID generates material properties for those models to minimize the error between the observed and predi cted pavement distress. Basically, the SID sets up a sensitivity matrix and solves for the required change when the change is larger than the prescribed acceptable value for convergence.This system was used in the calibration process for each of the pavement distresses, and to establish the specification limits for asphalt binders and mixtures. The SID can be extremely useful to mix designers and specification writers to theoretically establish limits for mixture properties under projectspecific conditions. It can also be used to update and revise the calibration coefficients of the pavement performance models. ? Micromechanics (MM) Model The micromechanics (MM) model is a system of material response equations for each material component used in asphalt concrete mixes.The model combines the measured response characteristics (in terms of creep-compliance) of the binder, mastic and aggregate to predict that same response of a combined mixture. This model will be useful to mix designer s to theoretically evaluate and initially optimize a mixture blend prior to any accelerated laboratory tests on that mix.  °Ã‚ °Ã‚ ° _III Pavement Distress Models A set of comprehensive models that predict the amount of fatigue cracking, rutting and thermal cracking with time are available.Each of these models use results from the accelerated laboratory tests to calculate critical material properties of the mixture for the stresses and strains imposed on the mixture from applied wheel and environmental loads. These stresses and strains are then used to calculate each type of distress. Fatigue cracking is calculated in terms of square feet per unit area and is based on fracture mechanics methodology. Thermal cracks are calculated in terms of linear feet per unit length and used linear viscoelasticity to determine thermal stresses and fracture mechanics principles to estimate the amount of cracking with time.Rutting is calculated in terms of an average rut depth, based on a 4-ft str aight edge. The model uses the concept of a material elasto-plastic formulation to calculate the initial plastic deformation due to both shearing and volumetric stresses and uses the concept of strainhardening to calculate the total depth rutting within each different season. Binder Performance-Based Specification Binder performance-based specifications limits for thermal cracking were found based upon patterns of binder stiffness and log slope of the compliance as they affect the extent of cracking.No such patterns could be found to relate binder properties to the rate of appearance of load-related distress, leading to the conclusion that binder properties alone do not control the fatigue cracking or rutting performance of asphalt concrete. Instead, specifications for both the binder and mixture properties are necessary for quality assurance against load-related distress. The calibrated performance prediction models provide a sound and reliable means for such mixture specification limits.Binder properties alone also do not control thermal cracking and mixture tests must be performed to evaluate the thermal cracking performance of a particular mixture. Finally, it is important to note that all of the quantities used for specification limits are material properties that are defined as they are used in mechanics. Its efficiency and simplicity in descriptions of essential and sensitive material characteristics make the discipline of mechanics a very useful and practical framework, not only for predicting distress but for the development of specifications that are directly related to performanceMaterial Property Relationships of pavement materials have been used in Several new methods for the characterization the load-related performance model. †¢ The resilient properties of asphalt were found to be identical to those used to characterize the materials in the supporting layers. Poissons ratio was found to be stress dependent. A tension in the asphalt binder w as found to be acting between ix I the aggregate temperature. †¢ particles. Both of these effects were found to depend strongly uponThe plasticity parameters which characterize asphaltic concrete include two friction angles, a cohesion, and a volumetric component, all of which are also commonly used in soil mechanics to characterize base course and subgrade materials. †¢ The accumulation of plastic deformations due to repeated traffic loading was shown to be related to the plastic properties and to the slope of the log creep compliance curve of the asphalt mix. The fracture properties of asphalt concrete were found to apply to both the crack initiation and crack propagation phases of crack growth in viscoelastic materials was found to be applicable to asphalt concrete. Pavement Performance Models Models of permanent deformation and cracking damage were developed and calibrated to field observations of these distresses on pavement sites distributed across the United States and Canada. Calibration adjustments were made to the predictions by a mathematical technique known as the Systems Identification (SID) method or by a nonlinear pattern search method. The adjustments were made in seven material properties that represent the two phases of fatigue cracking and in one coefficient of the rut depth.The calibration adjustments were not large nor did they vary much from one climatic zone to another, indicating that the prediction models developed for both fatigue cracking and rutting are sound. The calibrated models take into account the traffic, the temperature variations in all layers throughout the year, and the consequent variations in the material properties of each pavement layer in computing the accumulations of rutting and cracking with the seasons. Even though the pavement predictions were calibrated in sets grouped into climatic zones, the performance predicted for each pavement matched the actual performance very well.Temperature and moisture com putations were made with the FHWA Integrated Model of Environmental Effects, this project which showned to be capable of reproducing field measurements very well. The calibrated load-related model was shown to be well suited for the development of performance-related specifications and for the SHRP mix design model SUPERPAVE TM. X Field Experiments GPS Sites An experiment design was adopted to provide a wide variety of climatic exposure and rates of appearance of rutting and fatigue cracking.Very detailed information was obtained for each pavement section to permit a fairly complete characterization of the material properties of each layer. Cores were taken and tested in a variety of temperatures, stress and strain states. Material properties derived from these were found to be comparable to elastic and viscoelastic properties backcalculated from nondestructive deflection tests made with a falling weight deflectometer. Dynamic analysis was performed on about half of the pavement se ctions to determine the viscoelastic and damped elastic characteristics of each layer.It was shown that this backcalculation can produce reasonable values of m, the slope of the log creep compliance curve of the asphalt surface layer. This slope has been found to be the most important single variable in predicting rutting, fatigue cracking, and thermal cracking. Thus, the ability to measure it nondestructively in the field is a research result of this project that is of primary importance. The FHWA Integrated Model of Environmental Effects was shown to be very accurate in predicting seasonal variations of layer temperature, moisture, and moduli.This model, and the pavement performance prediction model form the computational elements of the SHRP SUPERPAVE TM mix design system. Laboratory Testing of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures A method of taking and testing cores in a variety of test modes and stress states was developed in this project. Among other testing modes, the equipment can run monotonic, repeated, and frequency sweep tests in tension or compression with triaxial testing equipment. Tensile tests have been avoided customarily because the samples fail in the grips.In this project the difficulty was found to be alignment, which was cured with a high production rate gluing jig when this device was used and 98 percent of the samples tested to failure parted in the center of the sample and away from the loading heads. Simulation of traffic loading rates in the tests, would have required much more sophisticated equipment, both to load and to record accurately the response of the sample. Instead, the objective of each test described herein was to measure the material response under a steady applied load, in a sample where the stress and strain patterns were uniform.This permited an accurate determination of the material properties that were then be used to determine the response of the material to traffic loading rates. Use of a cylindrical sample, taken from a fi eld core, permited the application of a variety of triaxial stress states that allowed a determination of how the material properties depended upon the stress state. The sample was placed in a temperature-controlled chamber to permit testing at the full range of temperatures to which an asphalt concrete layer is subject in the field.A specially designed metal chamber allowed the sample to be tested under a wide variety of confining pressures. A pair of LVDTs measured the †¢ xi i lateral strain of the sample, which made possible a complete and accurate characterization of the elastic, plastic, viscoelastic, viscoplastic resilient, dilatant, strength, and fracture properties of a material. Overall, the coring and testing apparatus developed in this project is reliable, accurate, and relatively simple both to construct and to operate.The A-003A project developed methods to analyze the test data for the Accelerated Laboratory Tests to produce the viscoelastic, resilient and plastic ity properties needed as input to the load-related performance model. In the course of all of the test material characterization and performance prediction work performed in this project, it became clear how important it is to measure the lateral strain as well as the vertical strain in any sample of pavement material tested, whether it is asphalt concrete, base course or subgrade. Pavement Performance PredictionThe performance prediction models developed in this project are developed for use on microcomputers and have been incorporated into the SHRP SUPERPAVE TM mix design procedure. The use of plasticity characterization to predict rutting makes it possible to consider both vertical and lateral permanent deformation in all of the pavement layers. The prediction of fatigue cracking is separated into two processes: crack initiation and crack propagation. During crack initiation, distributed microcracks form, grow, densify, and coalesce under repeated loads. Healing is assumed to occ ur primarily in the crack initiation phase.During crack propagation, cracks grow outward from the tensile zone where the microcracks form. These cracks grow from small but visible flaws into fulldepth cracks of the asphalt layer primarily in the shearing propagation mode. The predictions made with this approach were found to be unusually accurate even before they were calibrated to match the field observations. The calibration process was used extensively in this project as a form of nonlinear regression analysis. It was employed in a variety of ways to reduce laboratory data as well as to bring predicted distress into close accordance with the field observations.Two powerful techniques were used which should find many practical uses in the pavement field in the future: the Systems Identification SID method, and the pattern search method. Both methods satisfy a least sum of squared errors criterion. Calibration is done in this program by finding multiplying factors for the most sens itive material properties. These were found by sensitivity analysis to be the stiffness of the asphalt concrete, its tensile strength, the log slope of the creep compliance curve, and the two healing coefficients.The calibration method has another unique use which was developed and demonstrated in this project. Once a performance model is calibrated, the same calibration process can be converted to determine minimum values of those material properties which are xii needed to meet prescribed distress target levels. This use of the performance prediction programs to assist in setting specification levels for material properties is very promising and deserves further exploration. Validation of Relations Between Material Properties nd Pavement Performance While it is evident that the properties of the asphalt binder are an important factor in the service life of asphalt concrete, the lack of observed patterns of high and low rates of rutting and fatigue cracking show plainly that the se lection of the binder alone will not assure good load-related performance. It is clear that the disciplines of pavement analysis, design, and mix design, and the effects of construction and weather, also play important roles in the development of load-related distress.The pavement performance prediction model represents several important advances in pavement analysis and design and in mix design through its use in SUPERPAVE TM. The micromechanics model of the properties of a mix which was developed in this project needs to be studied in detail for its potential benefits to an understanding of the important interactions of the constituents in mix design. Without such an understanding, setting specification limits on the properties of the binder will have little or no effect on the retardation of load-related distress. ThermalCracking were drawn regarding the effectiveness of new SHRP binder which are based on the results of the field validation studies The following conclusions and m ixture specifications presented in this report. †¢ The indirect tensile creep and failure test at low temperatures (ITLT), that was developed at PTI as part of this contract is clearly suitable to support the new SHRP mixture specification for the control of thermal cracking. Excellent correspondence was obtained between observed thermal cracking in the field and thermal cracking predicted by using properties determined from the ITLT.Use of the time-temperature superposition principle to determine the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures, and determination of fracture parameters from viscoelastic properties and mixture strength, appear to be valid and suitable methods to determine the low temperature mixture properties needed for the control of thermal cracking. The parameters S and m (stiffness and m-value at 60-second loading time) determined from the bending beam rheometer tests appear to be suitable for evaluating the relative thermal cracking performance of asphalt binders.S and m correlated reasonably well with observed thermal cracking in the field. †¢ †¢ xiii †¢ The limits on S and 29,000 psi and m gt; in this investigation, 45,000 psi and m gt; m defined in version 7G of the binder specification (S lt; 0. 35) appear to be too restrictive. Based on the data obtained the following limits appear to be more appropriate: $ lt; 0. 30. thermal cracking effect on the thermal ITLT test must be a particular mixture. †¢ The binder specification alone does not guarantee adequate performance. Mixture characteristics may have a significant cracking performance of a particular binder.Therefore, the performed to evaluate the thermal cracking performance of Aging The aging studies led to the following conclusions: †¢ For the range of mixtures evaluated in this investigation, it appears that the thermal cracking performance of asphalt mixtures can be reasonably evaluated on the basis of only the properties of the mixture after long- term-aging (i. e. without accounting for the rate of age-hardening). It appears that long-term mixture aging (as defined by the SHRP A003-A contractor) is needed to properly evaluate the thermal cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures.This assumes that the long-term mixture aging procedure results in aging levels comparable to those observed in the field. Based on limited data, it appears that aging levels comparable to those observed in the field, as reflected by changes in the low temperature properties of the binder, can be attained through TFOT followed by PAV aging as proposed in the SHRP binder specification. The effectiveness of the long-term mixture aging procedure proposed by the SHRP A-003A contractor could not be evaluated because the laboratory mixing and compaction methods used in this investigation did not represent field mixture and compaction.Low temperature properties of laboratory-produced mixtures were very different than properties of field cores of the same mixt ure. †¢ †¢ †¢ Moisture Effects studies led to the following conclusions: The moisture †¢ Moisture changes within the asphalt mixture have a significant effect on fundamental low temperature properties of the mixture and on thermal cracking performance. xiv †¢ Low temperature properties for the evaluation of thermal cracking resistance of a mixture using the PTI thermal cracking model must be determined on a dry mixtures (i. e. ither laboratory-produced mixtures or field cores that have been thoroughly dried prior to testing). Use of properties determined at other moisture levels may result in significant errors in thermal cracking predictions and thus in evaluating the thermal cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. For the range of mixtures evaluated in this investigation, it appears that the thermal cracking performance of asphalt mixtures can be reasonably evaluated on the basis of only the dry properties of the mixture (i. e. , without accounting for ef fects of moisture changes).

Wade Reynvaan Essays - Political Philosophy, Free Essays

Wade Reynvaan Essays - Political Philosophy, Free Essays Wade Reynvaan Mr. Jon Bouknight Team Skills SP 252 5 April 2017 Decision Making Method Essay Working together as a team has a lot of advantages when it comes to trying to find or come to a common goal. Using the " Standard Agenda " and " Majority Vote " are two instances that seemed to really work for our team " The Backrow" when we were trying to figure out what furniture item we would like to have as well as when we would like to travel. All methods seemed to work to a fair degree. These two that I have mentioned seemed to work the best when it came to coming up with a faster, fairer outcome. " Majority Vote " is a method that you can use when a team has a problem or decision that they might not all agree on. Then, after a fair vote, the team comes to a decision on how to solve the problem or make a decision that will not only be fair to all in the group, but also will make the group members more open to the outcome. That is the only way it will work. All people have to be on board. One big advantage of " Majority Vote " is that if there is anyone that is not willing to accept the outcome of the vote, then the team will not work as efficient, as it could spend time on the issue not arguing about the right approach. The " Standard Agenda " has a precise set of steps that break the problem down for a group to come to a better outcome that all can easily agree on. These steps include analyzing the problem, which takes a groups conscious look to really see the problem it its full scope. Establishing criteria for the solution gives the group a set of ideas to bounce off one another to find different ways to solve a problem or work toward a goal. Ranking the criteria helps the team figure out which solution makes the most sense. Evaluating solutions helps you fine tune and come to a better solution. Selecting and implementing the best solution puts that decision into action. " The Standard Agenda " is the best option to coming to a group decision. The more a group communicates with one another, the better the group can come to a solution. In Randy Pausch's " The Last Lecture " (page 142), Randy wrote about the importance of working together. He wrote about imagining himself sitting together in a group with a deck of cards. His impulse was always put all of his cards on the table face up and to say to the group: "Ok" what can we collectively make of this hand?" He claimed that being able to work well in a group was vital and necessary for both working in the field as well as at home in your family life. In order to teach this, he always put his students into groups to work together. This is an example of " The Standard Agenda ". Randy Pausch used anything necessary to make others understand that working together was of great importance. On pages 142-143 of Randy Pausch's " The Last Lecture" , he detailed some tips for working successfully in a group. First : greet people properly. Meeting people, getting to know one another, feeling comfortable and pronouncing each other's names correctly is important to make that connection someone. This makes everyone feel important. Second : find things you have in common, again finding common ground. Third : try for optional meeting connections. This helps with comfort as well so that everyone can focus on the task of the team. Fourth : let everyone talk. Everyone has something to bring to the table. Don't be selfish. There is no "I" in team! Fifth : praise each other. Even if you do not agree with one another, building someone up instead of tearing them down will only build the morale of the team. And last, but not least: phrase all alternatives as questions. This allows people to offer comments rather than defend one. In " The Standard Agenda

Wichita Confronts Contamination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wichita Confronts Contamination - Essay Example This is most notably because of the misunderstandings that were experienced between all the parties. The political bargaining in Cherchers point of view gave everyone a piece of the bargaining objective. This made everyone at least pleased with the offer in place rather than pleasing some and displeasing the rest hence the term â€Å"win-win situation†. The political bargaining played an important role in the outcome which was unifying the central government. This led to the application of a federalist system in Wichita that gave the local governments the power of solving their problems instead of taking them to the higher government levels. This saved the town from an unattractive scenario that involved economic meltdown. This saved many businesses from huge losses. Intergovernmental relations refer to how the different units of the government interact with each other as a whole. It is also how they work hand in hand to achieve their purposes and take responsibility of their different roles. It is how these entities also share the power. It is an assessment of how the branches of the government which primarily have different functions are united by the almost similar responsibilities to work as a whole. According to (Conlan), Cherchers had to align mutual inducements as a way of keeping all the government levels in check. This led to the creation of a win-win situation. If this was not applied there probably would be more conflicts between the intergovernmental institutions.

The Dark Ages and Some of the Challenges Paople Faced during the Essay

The Dark Ages and Some of the Challenges Paople Faced during the Period - Essay Example Famine came about because of the breakdown of societal order which the Romans had maintained. The system of trade and tribute had been regulated by the Romans, and the network had been maintained across vast distances to ensure that the Empire could move troops around at will, and sustain mobile armies in the case of any rebellions or invasions. When these networks faltered, communities became more isolated, and the consequences of bad harvests were more severe, since no help was at hand. Plagues arrived from the East and spread through the region, but there were few people who had the knowledge and the wealth that would have enabled them to heal the sick or avoid infection. Aside from these physical threats from famine and disease, there was also an increase in violent conflict between rival tribes. In the absence of a single overlord, such as the Romans had been, the smaller tribes jostled for position, and engaged in many skirmishes and boundary disputes in an effort to gain contr ol of wealth and resources. This made life very dangerous for ordinary people, since many were slaves, or bound by oath to the service of a chieftain, and they were obliged to take up arms if commanded to do so. The strict Roman laws gave way to the more fragmented social order of competing tribes. Many leaders were cruel, and there was considerable injustice and chaos. Another factor which presented a huge challenge in the Dark Ages was that of religion. Under Roman rule, Christians and pagans had co-existed, and as time went on, more and more of the Empire adopted Christianity. In the Dark Ages, however, Islam emerged from the East and advanced across North Africa, heading up through Spain and into Gaul, bringing bitter religious warfare to the continent. Religious persecution increased, and minorities were often robbed and killed in the name of religion. Christianity brought some advantages, in so far as the monasteries served as educational institutions and places where the poor and the sick could hope for some relief. Once again, however, this benefited the wealthy who sent their children there to be educated, but it meant servitude and exploitation for the poorest members of society, who had to labor in the fields or work as lowly tradesmen to provide the raw materials that were needed to sustain monastic communities. The lack of an effective legal system meant that disputes were solved by violence, and when coupled with the devastating effects of plagues, and poor nutrition, the consequences for population size were very serious. In this period infant mortality was very high, life expectancy was short, and huge numbers of citizens were wiped out due to infection. It would have been very hard for a poor family to bring up children to healthy adulthood. Depopulation meant that communities could no longer find enough workers to take in the harvest, and maintain basic infrastructure. Skills were lost, and architectural masterpieces just crumbled out of negl ect, or were looted to enable poor people to build their own rustic dwellings. In many ways it seemed that civilization was taking a backwards step, and the former glories of Europe were

Purpose of various software utilities Essay Example for Free

Purpose of various software utilities Essay Virus protection – virus protection protects a computer system from malicious viruses and Trojans and worms which you can be infected by through the internet or email or downloading files or through a USB flash drive etc. virus protection usually consists of a firewall, virus scanner, virus remover and spyware. With virus protection you can perform a scan on your computer to check if you have been infected by any viruses or Trojans or worms. With some virus protections software’s you can scan your computer then it will ask you if you want the viruses removed, also if any programs have been infected the virus protection will ask you if you want the infected program deleted, most virus protection programs quarantine the infected programs in case they are not really viruses. The main purpose of anti-virus software is to protect your computer form getting viruses, it does this by scanning downloads and attachments for viruses, it does this in the background while the user is performing other tasks. If the user does come across a virus the program will warn the user and give the user the option of deleting it before it infects the computer. Some virus protection programs protect the user against spyware, this is a malicious program that enters a computer through internet, the threat usually comes through pop-up ads or bad internet websites, if a threat does come through the virus protection will warn the user and give the user an option to eliminate the threat before it harms the computer. Firewalls – the purpose of a firewall is to block intruders by looking for suspicious words such as domain names or IP addresses, certain protocols like file transfer protocol, ports and routing through a proxy service. There are two types of firewalls, hardware firewalls and software firewalls. Software firewalls provide another coating of security, software firewalls prohibit malware on your computer from being sent to others. Hardware firewalls treat any kind of traffic from travelling from a local network out to the internet as safe. An example of a threat entering your computer could be, you visit a website that contains a hidden malicious program that’s designed to secretly install itself on your machine and then send information out via the internet, this maybe to steal personal information, this is one method of infection. It is very dangerous to operate the internet without a firewall because then you will not be notified if a malicious program is trying to enter your computer and if you  do not have a firewall it will not be able to protect you from malicious programs that will damage your computer. A hardware firewall is a physical device that connects to a computer and is configurable through connection to it or either through using the internet browser or through a command line interface. Clean up tools e.g. removal of cookies, internet history and defragmentation – the cookies in your browser are meant to make pages load faster, but they eventually start to slow down the system, overall the cookie files will become very large and this will impact on the overall speed of the system, this is where you could implement the cleaning software, the cleaning software scans for and deletes old and unnecessary data then after doing the clean-up procedure pages will take longer to open but this is normal. Internet history is a record of an internet user’s visited websites, downloaded files, saved passwords, saved internet files and cookies. By removing all your internet history is makes your computer system faster because there is more space to store files, also by removing your internet history all saved passwords will get deleted and all files downloaded will also get deleted. You should remove your internet history every couple of weeks so your history doesn’t get cluttered up, this is what makes your internet slow. Removal of internet history can be done very easily using the internet options, you can go to the tools section of your web browser. Most internet browsers such as internet explorer and Mozilla Firefox allow you to select the categories to delete internet history, this way it is much easier if you only want to delete one category instead of deleting all the categories, for example if you want to erase form data you simply click on erase form data to delete all the history in that category. When removing internet history it also gives you the option to delete cookies, deleting cookies often is a good thing because you can get hackers that use trackers to monitor your browsing activity and they can steal personal or private information. Fragmentation can cause a computer to run slower and processing problems can emerge when opening files. A defragmentation program will take the corrupted and scattered data on the drive and physically rearrange it, decreasing loading times and placing fewer problems on the computers processor. Defragmentation reduces data access and allows storage to be used more efficiently, some operating systems automatically defragment storage periodically, but others require  that the user occasionally use a special utility for this purpose. Drive formatting – formatting a hard drive enables it to be able to read and write data by creating a partition on the drive, a hard disk drive can be formatted or reformatted depending on what is being done to the drive. When a new hard drive is formatted a bootable partition is created, the partition that is created is where that operating system is installed. Formatting a hard drive requires selecting a file system that will be used on the drive, the file system is what the operating system uses to organize and allocate information that is written to various sectors on the hard disk. Formatting a hard disk will overwrite the data on the drive. The formatting process only removes the operating systems ability to read the data on the drive, data needs to be rewritten to the drive and then reformatted again to ensure that the data is no longer accessible. Registry cleaner – the purpose of a registry cleaner is to remove redundant items from the registry. A registry cleaner is designed for the use of Microsoft windows operating system. Registry cleaners have an automated procedure where it looks for invalid entries, missing file references or broken links within the registry and resolving or removing them. There are many registry cleaner programs you can download of the internet, some for free and some you have to purchase, for e.g. â€Å"CCleaner† is a registry cleaner program which is free and it works on windows 8, 7, vista and XP. CCleaner can be used to uninstall programs. It also allows changes of start-up programs, so users can disable start-up programs and CCleaner lets the user delete system restore points. Benchmarking – Benchmarking is basically running a computer program. Benchmark utilities are important in PC optimisation and troubleshooting. Benchmarking assesses the relative performance of an object, by running standard tests and trials against it. Benchmarking assesses the performance characteristics of computer hardware. There are full system benchmarks as well as those that only test certain parts of a system such as the memory, CPU function, hard drives and network connections. Benchmarks help find out if there is a problem and where the location is. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_(computing) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing) http://www.ladenterprizes.com/What_firewall.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_formatting http://danieleastcroftict.posterous.com/clean-up-tools-for-removal-of-cookies-and-int http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_cleaner

Steroid Use in Sports :: Papers Steroids Drugs Essays

Steroid Use in Sports Steroid use has become very common in the world of athletics. Steroids are no longer just used by body builders. Steroids are now becoming widely used in all sports such as baseball, football, track and field, and ice hockey. Steroids have become easy for just about anyone to get their hands on them. This has become a serious problem that needs to be taken care of immediately. A steroid is a laboratory-made version of the human hormone testosterone, which is primarily found in males. Steroids are taken by athletes to enhance the growth of muscles. There are however, certain kinds of steroids that do enhance the growth of bones. The use of steroids creates many risks that are often looked over when compared to the benefits. Some of these risks include damaging important body organs such as the liver and kidneys; some of the other risks include shrinkage of testicles in men and they may create bad breakouts of acne. There are also other side effects which result in thicker skin and courser facial hair (Mihoces, 2000) (Conaway, 1998). The problem of steroid use exists everywhere including all ages from young middle school students to forty-year-old men. A Penn State professor states in the USA Today web site that approximately 175,000 teenage girls and 375,000 teenage boys have used steroids at one time or another (Michoces, 2000). This is a serious problem when teenage boys and girls are using steroids. Unless using one specific steroid, all of these teenagers are going to stunt their growth because the most common steroids used completely halt the growth of bones and increase the growth of muscles. Many people take steroids for many different reasons but most of the athletes that take steroids take them for one reason and that is to become better at what they do. Some of the reasons that athletes take steroids are because the competition is so high. In the sport of Major League Baseball for instance, only around seven hundred players participate in a single season. There are approximately 7,100 players that play professional baseball all together, including the minor leagues. The average career in the major leagues only lasts 2.7 years. This is a rather short career and considering the amount of money to be made, every player would like to play as long as he possibly can.

Bottling Company Case Study Essay

I am the manager at a major bottling company. Customers have begun to complain that the bottles of our brand of soda contains less than the advertised sixteen (16) ounces of product. My boss has asked me to investigate and solve the problem at hand. I have asked my employees to pull and measure the amount of soda in each of thirty (30) randomly selected bottles off the line from all the shifts at the bottling plant. 1. The following calculations show the mean, median and standard deviation for the case study. Mean =14.8 The mean was calculated by getting the sum of total ounces in each bottle and then dividing that total by the sample size of thirty (30). Median = 14.8 The median is derived from the number that is in the middle, once the measurements have been placed in chronological order. Since the sample size is an even number, the median is obtained by taking the average of the two numbers in the middle. Standard Deviation = 0.55033 The standard deviation is the square root of the variance, which is average of the squares of the distance that each value is from the mean. 2. 95% Confidence Interval = 6.056489716 The CI (confidence interval) is a specific interval estimate of parameter determined by using data obtained from a sample and the specific confidence level of the estimate. 3. Conduct a hypothesis test to verify if the claim that a bottle contains less than sixteen (16) ounces is supported. Clearly state the logic of your test, the calculations, and the conclusion of your test. Unfortunately, I was unable to complete this step in the investigation for lack of  understanding and preparation. But, if I had to guess, I would say that the bottles do not contain the sixteen (16) ounces advertised. 4. Provide three (3) speculations as to why the bottles have less than sixteen (16) ounces of soda. The equipment was faulty in set up. Purposely designed to have less than sixteen (16) ounces for the purpose of expansion because acidic products need to have room for built up pressure. If a bottle has been agitated in transportation, once it is opened, there will be an exploded release of pressure. The calibration on the machine needs to be reset. In an effort to avoid the deficit in the future, the company can schedule frequent maintenance to the equipment to ensure proper function.

Ronald Reagan Assassination Attempt

On March 30, 1981, 25-year-old John Hinckley Jr. opened fire on U.S. President Ronald Reagan just outside the Washington Hilton Hotel. President Reagan was hit by one bullet, which punctured his lung. Three others were also injured in the shooting. The Shooting Around 2:25 p.m. on March 30, 1981, President Ronald Reagan emerged via a side door from the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington D.C. He had just finished giving a speech to a group of trade unionists at the National Conference of Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL-CIO. Reagan only had to walk about 30 feet from the hotel door to his awaiting car, so the Secret Service had not thought a bullet-proof vest to be necessary. Outside, waiting for Reagan, were a number of newspapermen, members of the public, and John Hinckley Jr. When Reagan got close to his car, Hinckley pulled out his .22-caliber revolver and fired six shots in quick succession. The entire shooting took only two to three seconds. In that time, one bullet hit Press Secretary James Brady in the head and another bullet hit police officer Tom Delahanty in the neck. With lightening quick reflexes, Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy spread out his body as wide as possible to become a human shield, hoping to protect the President. McCarthy was hit in the abdomen. In the mere seconds that all this was taking place, another Secret Service agent, Jerry Parr, pushed Reagan into the backseat of the awaiting presidential car. Parr then jumped on top of Reagan in an effort to protect him from further gunfire. The presidential car then quickly drove off. The Hospital At first, Reagan didnt realize that he had been shot. He thought he had maybe broken a rib when he had been thrown into the car. It wasnt until Reagan began coughing up blood that Parr realized Reagan might be seriously hurt. Parr then redirected the presidential car, which had been heading to the White House, to George Washington Hospital instead. Upon arrival at the hospital, Reagan was able to walk inside on his own, but he soon passed out from loss of blood. Reagan had not broken a rib from being thrown into the car; he had been shot. One of Hinckleys bullets had ricocheted off of the presidential car and hit Reagans torso, just under his left arm. Luckily for Reagan, the bullet had failed to explode. It had also narrowly missed his heart. By all accounts, Reagan remained in good spirits throughout the entire encounter, including making some now-famous, humorous comments. One of these comments was to his wife, Nancy Reagan, when she came to see him in the hospital. Reagan told her, Honey, I forgot to duck. Another comment was directed to his surgeons as Reagan entered the operating room. Reagan said, Please tell me youre all Republicans. One of the surgeons responded, Today, Mr. President, were all Republicans. After spending 12 days in the hospital, Reagan was sent home on April 11, 1981. What Happened to John Hinckley? Immediately after Hinckley fired the six bullets at President Reagan, Secret Service agents, bystanders, and police officers all jumped on Hinckley. Hinckley was then quickly taken into custody. In 1982, Hinckley was put on trial for attempting to assassinate the President of the United States. Since the entire assassination attempt had been caught on film and Hinckley had been captured at the scene of the crime, Hinckleys guilt was obvious. Thus, Hinckleys lawyer tried using the insanity plea. It was true; Hinckley did have a long history of mental problems. Plus, for years, Hinckley had been obsessed with and stalked actress Jodie Foster. Based on Hinckleys warped view of the movie Taxi Driver, Hinckley hoped to rescue Foster by killing the President. This, Hinckley believed, would guarantee Fosters affection. On June 21, 1982, Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity on all 13 counts against him. After the trial, Hinckley was confined to St. Elizabeths Hospital. Recently, Hinckley has been awarded privileges which allow him to leave the hospital, for several days at a time, to visit his parents.